Not all the great work being done on genomics at Mayo Clinic originates at the Center for Individualized Medicine. It crosses nearly all the departments and involves many physicians and researchers. From time to time, we try to highlight some of this important work here on the CIM blog.

 One such example includes the work of Mayo Clinic researchers Panos Anastasiadis, Ph.D., and Antonis Kourtidis, Ph.D., at the Florida campus who have found a new code that makes reprogramming of cancer cells possible. Here is the full story.

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Lead authors Panos Anastasiadis, Ph.D., and Antonis Kourtidis, Ph.D.

Mayo Clinic Researcher Find New Code that Makes Reprogramming of Cancer Cells Possible

Cancer researchers dream of the day they can force tumor cells to morph back to the normal cells they once were. Now, researchers on Mayo Clinic’s Florida campus have discovered a way to potentially reprogram cancer cells back to normalcy.

The findings, published in Nature Cell Biology, represent “an unexpected new biology that provides the code, the software for turning off cancer,” says the study’s senior investigator, Panos Anastasiadis, Ph.D., chair of the Department of Cancer Biology on the Mayo Clinic campus in Florida.

That code was unraveled by the discovery that adhesion proteins — the glue that keeps cells together — interact with the microprocessor, a key player in the production of molecules called microRNAs (miRNAs). The miRNAs orchestrate whole cellular programs by simultaneously regulating expression of a group of genes. The investigators found that when normal cells come in contact with each other, a specific subset of miRNAs suppresses genes that promote cell growth. However, when adhesion is disrupted in cancer cells, these miRNAs are misregulated, and cells grow out of control. In laboratory experiments, the investigators showed that restoring the normal miRNA levels in cancer cells can reverse that aberrant cell growth.

“The study brings together two so-far unrelated research fields — cell-to-cell adhesion and miRNA biology — to resolve a long-standing problem about the role of adhesion proteins in cell behavior that was baffling scientists,” says the study’s lead author Antonis Kourtidis, Ph.D., a research associate in Dr. Anastasiadis’ lab. “Most significantly, it uncovers a new strategy for cancer therapy,” he adds.

Researchers on Mayo Clinic’s Florida campus have discovered a way to potentially reprogram cancer cells back to normalcy.

That problem arose from conflicting reports about E-cadherin and p120 catenin — adhesion proteins that are essential for normal epithelial tissues to form and which have long been considered to be tumor suppressors. “However, we and other researchers had found that this hypothesis didn’t seem to be true, since both E-cadherin and p120 are still present in tumor cells and required for their progression,” says Dr. Anastasiadis. “That led us to believe that these molecules have two faces — a good one, maintaining the normal behavior of the cells, and a bad one that drives tumorigenesis.”

Their theory turned out to be true; however, what was regulating this behavior still was unknown. To answer this, the researchers studied a new protein called PLEKHA7, which associates with E-cadherin and p120 only at the top, or the “apical” part of normal polarized epithelial cells. The investigators discovered that PLEKHA7 maintains the normal state of the cells, via a set of miRNAs, by tethering the microprocessor to E-cadherin and p120. In this state, E-cadherin and p120 exert their good tumor suppressor sides.

However, “when this apical adhesion complex was disrupted after loss of PLEKHA7, this set of miRNAs was misregulated, and the E-cadherin and p120 switched sides to become oncogenic,” says Dr. Anastasiadis.

“We believe that loss of the apical PLEKHA7-microprocessor complex is an early and somewhat universal event in cancer,” he adds. “In the vast majority of human tumor samples we examined, this apical structure is absent, although E-cadherin and p120 are still present. This produces the equivalent of a speeding car that has a lot of gas (the bad p120) and no brakes (the PLEKHA7-microprocessor complex)."

“By administering the affected miRNAs in cancer cells to restore their normal levels, we should be able to re-establish the brakes and restore normal cell function,” says Dr. Anastasiadis. “Initial experiments in some aggressive types of cancer are indeed very promising.”

Cancer researchers dream of the day they can force tumor cells to morph back to the normal cells they once were. Dr. Panos Anastasiadis discusses how researchers on Mayo Clinic's campus in Florida have discovered a way to potentially make this happen.

Co-authors include:

• Siu Ngok, Ph.D.
• Ryan Feathers, Research
• Lomeli Carpio, Biochemistry
• Tiffany Baker, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
• Jennifer M. Carr, Cancer Basic Science Research
• Irene Yan, Research
• Sahra Borges, Ph.D., Cancer Basic Science
• Edith Perez, M.D., Hematology/Oncology
• Peter Storz, Ph.D., Cancer Biology
• John Copland III, Ph.D., Cancer Biology
• Tushar Patel, M.B., Ch.B., Transplant Hepatology/Cancer Biology
• E. Aubrey Thompson, Ph.D., Cancer Biology
• Pamela Pulimeno, Ph.D., University of Geneva in Switzerland
• Sandra Citi, M.D., Ph.D., University of Geneva in Switzerland

The study was supported by the National Institutes of Health grants R01 CA100467, R01 NS069753, P50 CA116201, R01 GM086435, R01CA104505, R01CA136665; the Florida Department of Health, Bankhead-Coley grants 10BG11; the Breast Cancer Research Foundation; the Swiss Cancer League; and the Jay and Deanie Stein Career Development Award for Cancer Research at Mayo Clinic.

Tags: cancer, center for individualized medicine, Dr. Antonis Kourtidis, Dr. Panos Anastasiadis, microRNA, miRNA, Uncategorized